Shibayama (iou) and bitter(1) (iou)

Shibayama (iou)

Shibayama adjective & noun. E20.
[Name of a Japanese family of carvers.]
(Designating) a distinctive style of carving and inlay using shell, pearl, stone, etc.; (work) in this style.

bitter adjective & adverb.
[Old English biter = Old Saxon, Old High German bittar (Dutch, German bitter), Old Norse bitr, Gothic baitrs, prob. from Germanic base of BITE verb.]
A. adjective.
Having a sharp pungent taste, as of wormwood, quinine, etc. Opp. sweet. OE.
a bitter taste in the mouth: see TASTE noun1.
Burke All men are agreed to call vinegar sour, honey sweet, and aloes bitter. M. Mitchell Without sugar or cream it was bitter as gall. Anthony Huxley Bitter and very toxic leaves which even goats will not sample.
b. fig. Unpalatable; unpleasant; hard to swallow or admit. E19.
Coleridge Some bitter truths, respecting our military arrangements.
Attended by severe pain or suffering; grievous; full of affliction. OE.
W. S. Churchill The same bitter struggle with Nature. E. M. Forster I know by bitter experience.
Causing pain or suffering; cruel, injurious, severe. OE-M17.
Shakespeare 1 Henry IV Those blessed feet Which fourteen hundred years ago were nail'd For our advantage on the bitter cross.
Characterized by intense animosity; virulent. OE.
Day Lewis She was..capable of bitter resistance against domestic bullying. C. Hill Renegades against whom Cromwell was particularly bitter.
Of words or their utterer: stinging, cutting, harsh, cruelly reproachful. ME.
P. G. Wodehouse It was a good exit speechmordantbitter, satirical.
Of wind: sharp, keen, severe. Of weather: bitingly cold. ME.
J. C. Powys The bitter east wind made the girl pull her black woollen scarf tightly round her neck. J. Cary It had been a bitter winterFred and I came into the..kitchen quite perished.
Expressing or betokening intense grief or affliction of spirit. ME.
C. Kingsley Bursting into bitter tears.
Mournful; full of affliction L15.
Wordsworth Concealing In solitude her bitter feeling.
Comb. & special collocations: bitter-apple = COLOCYNTH; bitter bark any of various shrubs and trees yielding a bitter principle from the bark; bitter beer: much flavoured with hops (opp. mild); bitter cassava: see CASSAVA 1; bitter-cress any cruciferous plant of the genus Cardamine; bitter-cucumber = bitter-gourd below; bitter end the last extremity [but perh. from bitter end (a) s.v. BITTER noun2]; bitter-ender colloq. a person who fights or holds out to the bitter end, a person who refuses to yield or compromise; bitter-gourd (a) = COLOCYNTH; (b) = KARELA; bitter lemon a carbonated semi-sweet soft drink flavoured with lemons; bitter-nut N. Amer. swamp hickory, Carya amara; bitter orange the Seville orange; bitter PECAN; bitter pill fig. a hard thing to take, an unpalatable truth etc.; bitter pit a disease of apples, characterized by sunken brown spots; bitter-root any of various plants with bitter roots; esp. (N. Amer.) Lewisia rediviva, of the purslane family, with edible roots and red or white flowers; bitter sage = wood sage s.v. WOOD noun1 & adjective1; bitter-vetch any of certain vetches and vetchlings, esp. Lathyrus linifolius and Vicia orobus; bitter-weed any of various bitter plants, esp. (N. Amer.) of the family Compositae; bitter-wood (the wood of) a W. Indian tree, Picrasma excelsa (family Simaroubaceae). See also BITTER-SWEET.
b. adverb. Bitterly. arch., poet., & dial. OE.
T. Campbell How bitter she wept o'er the victim of war! S. Bedford It was bitter cold.
bitterish adjective L16.
bitterly adverb in a bitter manner, with bitterness OE.
bitterness noun the quality or state of being bitter; bitter taste; grievousness to the mind; acrimony, animosity; intensity of frost or cold; an instance or feeling of bitterness: OE.

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