circumcise (iou) and Haber-Bosch process (sh)

circumcise (iou)

circumcise verb trans. ME.
[Old French circonciser or circoncis- pa. ppl stem of circoncire, from Latin circumcidere (translating Greek peritemnein), formed as CIRCUM- + caedere to cut.]
I.
Cut off the foreskin of (a male), as a religious rite (esp. Jewish or Muslim) or for medical reasons; cut off the clitoris or the labia minora of (a female). ME.
fig. In biblical translations and allusions: purify (the heart etc.). ME.
II.
Cut round, trim. LME-L18.
fig. Cut short, curtail, limit. M16-L17.
circumciser noun M16.

Haber-Bosch process (sh)

or Haber ammonia process or synthetic ammonia process

First economically feasible method of directly synthesizing ammonia from hydrogen gas and atmospheric nitrogen.

It was developed с 1909 by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch (1874-1940), prompted by rapidly increasing demand for nitrogen fertilizer. It was the first industrial process to use high pressure (200-400 atmospheres) for a chemical reaction. A catalyst (usually iron) lets it take place at a moderate temperature (750-1,200 °F [400-650 °C]), and immediate removal of ammonia as it is formed favours formation of more of it. Still the cheapest means of industrial nitrogen fixation, it is a basic process of the chemical industry.

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