miner (iou) and civil law (sh)

miner (iou)

miner noun. ME.

A person who works in a mine. ME.
A person who excavates subterranean passages in order to destroy an enemy position, esp. with the aid of an explosive charge. Freq. in sappers and miners (cf. Royal Sappers and Miners s.v. SAPPER). ME.
A burrowing insect or larva; esp. = leaf-miner s.v. LEAF noun1. E19.
a. Any of various Australian honeyeaters of the genus Manorina. M19.
b. Any of various small S. American ovenbirds of the genus Geositta, which excavate a long burrow for breeding. E20.
Phrases: bell-miner: see BELL noun1. miner's disease = miner's lung below. miner's inch: see INCH noun1 1c. miner's lettuce a kind of spring Beauty, Montia perfoliata, sometimes eaten as a salad. miner's lung pneumoconiosis due to inhalation of coal dust. miner's right Austral. & NZ a licence to dig for gold etc. on private or public land. noisy miner: see NOISY adjective 1.

civil law (sh)

Body of law developed from Roman law and used in continental Europe and most former colonies of European nations, including the province of Quebec and the U.S. state of Louisiana.

The most significant codifications of modern civil law were the French (Napoleonic Code) and the German (German Civil Code). The basis of law in civil-law jurisdictions is statute, not custom; civil law is thus to be distinguished from common law. In civil law, judges apply principles embodied in statutes, or law codes, rather than turning to case precedent. French civil law forms the basis of the legal systems of The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, Spain, most of France's former possessions overseas, and many Latin American countries. German civil law prevails in Austria, Switzerland, the Scandinavian countries, and certain countries outside Europe, such as Japan, that have westernized their legal systems. The term is also used to distinguish the law that applies to private rights from the law that applies to criminal matters. See also criminal law; tort.

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