radii lentis (medicine) and fitnah (sh)

radii lentis (medicine)

radii lentis

9 to 12 faint lines on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens that radiate from the poles toward the equator; they mark the lines along which the ends of lens fibres abut.

Synonym: lens stars, lens sutures.

fitnah (sh)

(Arabic; "trial" or "test")

In the Islamic tradition, trials or temptations that test the unity of the Muslim community.

The term may be used to describe insurrection or civil warfare or, more specifically, to define a tribunal over doctrinal issues, broadly similar to the Christian Inquisition. There were four fitnahs in the early history of Islam. The first (656-661) followed the murder of the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan. It brought up the question of ?Ali's right to rule and prompted a military conflict that eventually resulted in the schism between the Sunnite and the Shiite branches. The second coincided with the caliphate of Yazid I (680-683); it was a continuation of the struggle between claimants to the caliphate and led to the death of al-Husayn ibn Ali at the Battle of Karbala
another formative event in the Sunnite-Shi?ite split. The third fitnah (744-750) resulted in the ascendancy of the Abbasid dynasty. The fourth evolved from the caliphate's support for the Mutazilite theological school and successfully challenged the caliph's authority to enforce doctrinal rigour.

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